Liberalism by Immanuel Wallerstein Essay Example for Free

Liberalism by Immanuel Wallerstein Essay This article tries to analyze the works of Immanuel Wallerstein (after liberalism) mainly on his views of what liberalism is especially in this era of globalization. After liberalism published in 1995 and it is a collection of essays, which all look at the issue of international capitalism either from a country’s perspective all from the perspectives of earlier influential writers within this context like V I Lenin. The book gives a good overview of the nature of liberalism especially in the context of international capitalism. In his analysis, Wallerstein argues that the emergence of theories like liberalism in modern times was all because of new beliefs within the political arena as well because of people’s moral sovereignty. Among the theories, Wallerstein claimed that in a modernizing world there were people who saw the changes as immoral. These people pursued Consevativism. Because of the rise of conservatism, the liberalist theory arose to defend the modernizing processes of new technologies new ways of integration as being non-expedient processes for a better global society. After the rise of liberalism and its application, a new theory emerged (socialism). Unlike the conservatisms, socialists did agree with the liberalists that the issue of modernization or progress was both desirable and inevitable. However, unlike the liberalists socialists were strongly suspicious of the top-down system of reforms advocated by liberalists. Liberalism: This broad field encompasses many different ideas and theories concerning the roles of governments. Liberalism generally advocates for individual liberty, mixed market systems, liberal democratic governments (transparent) as well as the application of the rule of law. International capitalism: international capitalism is the system of processes that allow for the growth of globalization. It is the practice of capitalism on a global perspective. Thus, it involves the international ownership of modes of production by individuals and the unrestricted transfer of international funds and investment projects globally. In his argument, Wallerstein claims that the classification of third world countries is uncalled for. This is because as he says the so called third world has been intertwined in the structure of international capitalism in such a way that there are even subsidiaries of multinational firms based in the third world countries that contribute money to the parent company countries that is in excess of what the parent companies pay. After liberalism is quite clear on the issue of national development. Wallerstein goes ahead in Borrowing ideas from such authorities as Adam smith (the wealth of nations), as well as ideas from people like Vladimir Lenin and Paul Kruger. Wallerstein concludes that even with the advent of international capitalism and globalization, the issue of national sovereignty and national development is very crucial in ensuring that the vices of capitalism are always kept to a level minimum. CONCLUSION: After liberalism is an authoritative collection of essays that tries to expose the nature and processes associated with international capitalism and globalization. However, the book fails to explain issues of under development especially in the third world more clearly. In addition, the process of colonization and its impacts on both the colonizing states as well as the colonized should have been analyzed. This is because issues of international capitalism affect all nations alike and thus the root causes of under development in some of the countries would have to be addressed. REFERENCE: Wallerstein Immanuel (1995), after liberalism, new press, New York.

Essay on Freedom and Fate in Moll Flanders :: Moll Flanders Essays

Freedom and Fate in Moll Flanders Are people who believe in freewill simply ignorant of the reasons of their actions? In the context of Defoe's Moll Flanders, this question may result in considerable debate. Was Flanders free or was she predetermined to live a wicked and improper life mired in years of penitence? Did the whorish behavior of Moll's mother predetermine Moll's actions? Certainly there is no question that Flanders was a criminal - she was a whore, a thief, and she practiced incest. In regards to Flanders having sex with her own brother it would be difficult to argue that this was a predetermined event considering she truly did not know her husband was of her own flesh and blood. If, indeed, she was aware of the relation and then chose to proceed then one could discus it further in the context of freewill. As for being a whore there is no question that Flanders, especially later in her life, involved herself with such happenings, but for me it was the thievery that seemed to capture the essence of Flanders continual undoing and constant need for penitence. There is no better part of Defoe's work to capture the feelings of utter despondency then when Moll is going to steal for the first time from the apothecary's shop. Defoe prefaces the scene with a few paragraphs where Moll explains her absolute "desolate state". The crime is then set in what James Sutherland explains, "...Moll's first theft he sets the scene with such careful attention to detail that he fixes it in our minds, and gives to it that air of authenticity which, for Defoe, is almost justification of fiction". This is where Defoe's journalistic stylings shine. The reader is indeed in the apothecary and sees Moll's gaffe unfolding before him. We are free to judge whether or not we would take the bundle that so often becomes Moll's pursuit in the future. It is at that instant that we can decide whether Moll was free to do so or controlled by something unavoidable, such as fate. If Moll was acting on freewill it is arguable that she would not repeat the same crime in the future, in fact she would most likely avoid any such acts that resulted in the terrible feelings she experienced during and after the first offense. For she says herself, "It is impossible to express the horror of my soul all the while I did it".

3 Basic Beliefs and Integrity Walmart Essay

Walmart was founded on three basic beliefs: service to our customers, respect for the individual and striving for excellence. Our adherence to these principles has created a unique work culture at Walmart. No matter where you go — to any of our stores and offices in any of our brands around the world — our associates live these values. * Service to our customers * Respect for the individual * Striving for excellence A Foundation of Integrity Our basic beliefs are built on a foundation of integrity — our values of honesty, fairness and objectivity guide how we apply these beliefs to the workplace. In other words, we strive to: * Be honest by telling the truth and keeping our word. * Be fair by using our business influence appropriately and creating an open environment for raising questions and concerns. * Be objective by making decisions based on Walmart’s interests, rather than personal interests, and by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety. 1. Service to Our Customers Every associate — from our CEO to our hourly associates in local stores — is reminded daily that our customers are why we’re here. We do our best every day to provide the greatest possible level of service to everyone we come in contact with. But what do we mean by service to our customers? * We serve our customers by making them our first priority. * We support our associates so they can best serve our customers. * We give to the local community in ways that connect to our customers. 2. Respect for the Individual From Walmart’s earliest days as a small discount store, we have emphasized the importance of respect for every associate, every customer and every member of the community. But how do we show respect for the individual? * We value and recognize the contributions of every associate. * We own what we do with a sense of urgency, and empower each other to do the same. * We communicate by listening to all associates and sharing ideas and information. 3. Striving for Excellence The key to our success is constantly looking for ways to improve ourselves and improve our business. We strive to lead not just our industry, but also each other to the next level of success. But how do we strive for excellence? * We innovate by trying new ways of doing things and improving every day. * We model a positive example as we pursue high expectations. * We work as a team by helping each other and asking for help. Business Model Value proposition Walmart’s value proposition is based on offering Everyday Low Price (EDLP). This is the core of Walmart’s Business Model, and the rest of the key features of Walmart’s Business Model are aligned to keep the everyday low price. This proposition implies that the customers do not need to wait for sales to have the best deal possible (Manning et al., 1998). Besides, not only the sells convenience is associated by providing the wide range of products and services to choose from, but also with one-stop is possible to make all the shopping needed, from groceries to pharmacy (Basker, 2007). Walmart’ customers save time and money. Distribution channel To deliver its value proposition Walmart communicates with and reaches its customer segments with its distribution channels which are owned and direct, and brings higher margin. Walmart also is corresponding with its customers mainly through mass media and other ways which have a low cost, such as internet. Customer relationships & Customer segment Walmart establishes a customer relationship is based on self-service and automated and towards co-creation of some products once it is possible. Walmart tends to reach to the mass market toward mass customisation. Walmart’s customers can be divided into three groups: â€Å"brand aspirations†, people with low incomes who are obsessed with brand; â€Å"price-sensitive effluents† wealthier shoppers who love deals; and finally â€Å"value-price shoppers† who like low prices and cannot afford much more (Barbaro, 2007). Key activities The key activities which are needed to run Walmart’s business model are: ï‚ · Purchasing goods ï‚ · Their delivery ï‚ · Total cost control Other activities would be to create products that will cover needs of a specific customer segment and to control the brand, which has been developing lately. Walmart’s technological edge is in its inventory control, logistics, and distribution (Basker, 2007). The ability to move products place to place quickly and efficiently keeps the costs down as well as the time system in combination with logistics force permits Walmart to have accurate time information of the products in the stores shelves that allows restocking automatically (Tierney, 2004). In addition the logistics involves the suppliers and workforce of 85000 employees, 147 far reaching distribution centers, transportation offices, more than 100.000 tractors and trailers and 8.000 drivers (Walmart logistics facts sheet). Key resources The key resources of Walmart classified in 3 categories. First, the physical resources which are owned by it like stores and logistics. Second its human resources, experienced managers and stores managers, and finally the company culture. Walmart culture is based on restless effort at constant self-improvement, discipline and loyalty (Fishman, 2006). Key partnership Key partnership is a strong buyer-supplier relationship in which suppliers were considered as close partners of Walmart. They also are part of the value chain of each other and it provides suppliers the chance of accessing to a large market. However it made suppliers, who wish to take advantages of its broad market, to keep their prices and costs low and therefore, suppliers give the control of their own business and negotiation advantage to Walmart (Parnell and Lester, 2008). Walmart also creates economies of scale that optimizes its cost structure. Revenue stream Walmart Revenue Streams that generated from its customer segments are basically come from retail sale, such as music downloading with fixed menu pricing. Walmart also drive revenue from selling its own brand, produces by others to cover a segment not cover by other suppliers. Moreover, it takes advantage of selling goods before paying to its suppliers. Cost structure The Cost structure is cost-driven model since it is focused on minimizing costs wherever it is possible and it is characterized by economies of scale. The expansion of Walmart allowed it to benefit from economies of scale and reducing its cost besides its technology let it to grow and caused to lower its costs; hence, economies of scale at both the chain levels and stores strengthen Walmart’s advantage, rather than being its root cause (Basker, 2007). Walmart’s financial discipline is well known as well as their tendency to pass operating costs to suppliers.

The Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children - 751 Words

Family. Partner. A study as cited in Fleming, White, and Catalano, (2010) found that couples who were dating or co-habitating but not married tended to have heavier levels of substance abuse than those that were married. Yolanda talked about how whenever she was in a relationship the main activity it centered around was using substances, and because of this she feels she has never had a truly healthy relationship. At the present time, she is single and feels that she does not have the time or energy to put into a relationship. She also feels that she is not far enough along into her sobriety to be able to have a genuine relationship and wants to work on herself and building her relationship with her son before she gets involved with another partner. Currently, she is good friends with her son’s father for her son’s benefit, but she feels it can never be more than that because he still uses. She knows if she gets back together with him it could cause her to relapse. Children. Children can be negatively affected when there is parental depression (Splete, 2006). The child s coping skills cannot deal with stress, so outside stressors cause depressive symptoms. Also, parents with depression are not able to model healthy coping skills for dealing with stress, so this leaves the child susceptible to also develop depression (Splete, 2006). Yolanda says that despite her eight year old son’s recent diagnosis of aspbergers syndrome, he appears to be a happy child. However she isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words   |  6 Pagesare 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. Those who are victims of bullying can turn to drugs or other substances as a form of coping; people who bully can be shown to have abusive tendencies with these substances as well. Substance abuse is defined as being dependentRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1443 Words   |  6 Pagessubstance it can lead to impairment or distress in many different ways such as, â€Å"recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home, recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, recurrent substance-related legal problems, continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance† (Susic, 2007). According to the Foster CareRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1628 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Family Issue Substance abuse has been a big problem not only in our society but also to the families affected by it. According to Crosson-Tower â€Å"Over 13 million children live with a parent who has used illicit and addictive drugs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crosson-Tower, 2004, pp. 97-98). Children are like sponges they learn and copy what they see and experience. According to Bernard, et al â€Å"Through our primary caregivers we learn to understand and make sense of the world† (Bernard, et al., 2006, p. 80)Read MoreThe Effects Of Parental Substance Abuse On Children Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesGrowing up in the household under substances influence can cause severe damage to the child. Parental substance abuse has a significant impact on family function, and it may also contribute to child maltreatment. It heightens the risks to both of the physical and emotional safety of the children, and it generates children’s problematic outcomes. Children who grow up in such families may also e xperience mental health issues, social isolation, financial difficulties, and exposure to stressful lifeRead MoreEssay on Substance Abuse Effects on Children1052 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen affected by the effects of substance abuse/addiction. Additionally, it will seek to describe a comprehensive model for treating this population. The mission would be to eliminate the devastating impact of substance abuse on those affected: chemically dependent individuals, those with a history of substance abuse/misuse, families/children and communities. The goal is to achieve and sustain abstinence for those addicted to alcohol and other substances in order for them toRead MoreSubstance Use Disorders ( Suds )1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermined that children raised by substance using parents are at an increased risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood as a result of familial dissemination of substance abuse through both the environments in which the children are raised and genetic susceptibility (Merikangas et al., 1998; Merikangas Avenevoli, 2000). Unfortunately, there is an insignificant amount of literature examining the effects that the combined treatment and recovery of substance abusing parentsRead MoreEffects Of Parental Addiction On Children1457 Words   |  6 Pages THE EFFECTS PARENTAL ADDICTIONS HAVE ON CHILDREN Alexis Holcomb The cost of alcohol and substance abuse in the United States reaches heights of four hundred eighty four billion dollars per year (â€Å"Magnitude†). That’s about seven hundred eighty times the amount it cost to diagnose and treat sexually transmitted diseases in the year 2000 (Chesson). The sole purpose of this is not to persuade you one way or the other on this topic. Nor is the purpose to apologize for this social issueRead MoreAdhd and Substance Abuse1392 Words   |  6 PagesADHD and Substance Abuse                                                                                                           Ã‚                    Ã‚                  The Evidence Of Substance Abuse With ADHD                                       The purpose of this paper is to identify the link between ADHD and substance abuse. Substance abuse is a true threat to people who are diagnosed  with psychological disorders. Among the questions of precursors to substance abuse, lies the hypothesis that individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit HyperactivityRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe abuse of drugs and alcohol has been a known issue over past decades. The media paints the picture that alcohol and drug use is fun and the only way to have a good time. While alcohol in moderation is fine, many people find themselves going over board and abusing it. Elicit drugs like cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and have several adverse effects. People find themselves depressed and anxious so they ultimately try to use these drugs to mask the pain instead of getting help for theirRead MoreEssay on Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Childr en1750 Words   |  7 PagesHeather Swenson Mandy Jesser English Composition I 1 May 2013 Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Their Children As soon as birth, children are exposed to new things; new life experiences that will develop the path of which direction their life will take. Adolescence is the most important time in a child’s life because it is where they learn appropriate behavior from their family and the outside world. Some children are able to use these experiences to differentiate at an early age what is

What is a Low Pressure Area in Meteorology

When you see the red capital letter L on a weather map, youre looking at a symbolic representation of a low-pressure area (or low). A low is an area where air pressure is lower than it is in other areas surrounding it. As a general rule of thumb, lows have a pressure of around 1000 millibars (29.54 inches of mercury). Low air pressure tends to bring stormy weather and have counterclockwise winds. Lets explore why this is. How Lows Form In order for a low to form, something must happen to decrease air pressure over a certain spot. This something is the flow of air from one place to another. It happens when the atmosphere tries to even out a temperature contrast, like that which exists at the boundary between cold and warm air masses. This is why lows are always accompanied by a warm front and a cold front; the differing air masses are responsible for creating the low center. Low Pressure = Stormy Weather Air rises near areas of low pressure, and its a general rule of meteorology that when air rises, it cools and condenses. Thats because the temperature is higher in the upper part of the atmosphere. As water  vapor condenses,  it creates clouds, precipitation, and generally unsettled weather. The kind of weather a location sees during the passage of a low pressure system depends on where it is relative to the warm and cold fronts. Locations in front of the low center (out ahead of the warm front) typically see cool temperatures and steady precipitation.Locations to the south and east of a low center (a region known as the warm sector) will see warm, moist weather. Because winds flow counterclockwise around a low in the Northern Hemisphere, winds in the warm sector are generally from the south. This results in milder air being fed into the system. Showery precipitation and thunderstorms also occur here, but at the boundary of a warm sector and the leading edge of the cold front.Locations behind, or to the west of a low center will see cold, dry weather. This is because the counterclockwise flow of winds around the low are from a northerly direction, suggesting colder temperatures. Its also typical to see conditions clearing here (the colder, denser air is more stable). While its possible, in general, to say low pressure stormy weather, every low-pressure area is unique. Mild or extreme weather conditions develop based on the strength of the  low-pressure system. Some lows are weak and only produce light rain and moderate temperatures, while others may be strong enough to produce severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, or a major winter storm. If a low is unusually intense, or deep, it can even take on the characteristics of a hurricane. Sometimes surface lows can extend upward into the middle layers of the atmosphere. When they do this theyre known as troughs. Troughs are long areas of low pressure that can lead to rain, wind, and other weather events.

Self-Acceptance is the Key to Happiness - 792 Words

When we are young children, we are introduced to the concept of living happily ever after. This is a fairy-tale emotional state of absolute happiness, where nothing really happens, and nothing even seems to matter. It is a state of feeling good all the time. In fairy tales, this feeling is usually found in fulfilling marriages, royal castles, singing birds and laughing children. In real life, an even-keeled mood is more psychologically healthy than a mood in which you frequently achieve great heights of happiness. Furthermore, when you ask people what makes their lives worth living, they rarely mention their mood. They are more likely to talk about what they find meaningful, such as their work or relationships. Research suggests that if†¦show more content†¦Giving too much importance to upcoming events and future possessions, they rely on them to make their lives better, while studies and statistics clearly show that we usually â€Å"overestimate the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions† (Gertner, 447). As Gilbert says, a newly bought computer, car, or house, will very quickly lose its magic and fail in making its possessor happier. This position only comforted my personal point of view. I see the notion of happiness as independent from any kind of belonging or social status. Indeed, every day, millions of married people long for their lost freedom, while others envy these same people who have succeeded in their relationships and found their significant other. The same way will the person who just purchased a highly expensive car will soon begin to notice its imperfections and dream of a better, stronger and faster engine. Therefore, the belief that satisfying desires will lead to happiness is a false one, and can only cause greed and insatiability. So if happiness is a â€Å"lasting† state of well being, shouldn’t it be inherent of something more durable in human nature, and depend less on external incentives? The way I see it, happiness is in life itself. The Gilbert metaphor of a ‘psychological immune system’ (Gertner, 447) encourages my opinion that the stereotype ofShow MoreRelatedLove. Loves Is A Four Letter Word With A Lot Of Significance.1304 Words   |  6 Pagesa part of love. Yet, it doesn’t simply begin from one day to another. Love is a necessity that starts with one-self, within each person. Self-love is very important not just for that individual but for everyone around. Love has the capability to bring such a simple feeling as happiness. Love is the key to striving and living a vigorous life, self-love is included as well. Many see self-love as â€Å"selfish and narcissistic† (Kipp). Its is not selfish nor narcissistic, it is something that is to be valuedRead MoreImpact of Cross-Cultural Differences on Different Perceptions of Happiness1358 Words   |  5 Pagesof happiness. A careful analysis of Weiners findings, which are rooted in research, shows that there are universal patterns and trends beyond individual and cultural differences. Happiness entails understanding the curious combination of internal and external factors; environmental triggers and the human psychological response to those triggers. Buddhist societies like those of Bhutan and Thailand show that happiness manifests when the individual no longer chases happiness, because happiness isRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Understanding Happiness1201 Words   |  5 Pagesand Motivation In the pursuit of understanding happiness, there are two forms of theoretical perspectives called hedonic and eudemonic happiness. Each form of happiness represents the determinant of an individuals’ well-being. Hedonic happiness focus more on activities that bring individuals’ pleasure whereas, eudemonic happiness focus on the circumstances that influence people emotions and life’s expectations. Fisher (2010) defines hedonic happiness as the pursuit of pleasure. These pleasures mayRead MoreHistorical Perspective : What You See Yourself862 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical perspective summary Key concept # 1 self concept describes how you see yourself. overall perception of your abilities, behaviors, and personality. Ideal self is the person you dike to be. Not shaped by your desires for yourself but is shaped by other’s perceptions and evaluations and acceptance of you. If these two match up, youre happy. The greater the difference, may caue anger, depression. Key concept # 2 actual self making progress towards ideal self is self actualization, the basicRead MoreImproving Self Esteem And Live A Better Life1242 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Improve Self Esteem and Live a Better Life By Kassie Lyne | Submitted On March 03, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest One of the questions psychologists and counselors of all kinds find themselvesRead MoreFamily Value Is Important For Life1696 Words   |  7 Pages I think we all can agree that at some point in our life we asked our self about â€Å"what makes human life matter†? Some of us, including myself, always perceived Human life as something this very precious and important. Even though the answer to this question is ambiguous, people often have a different answer. Some of us only care about life that has some way connected to us or had an impact in our life. However, as for me, the one that stands out above all would value of family because theyRead MoreEvaluation of a Business Code of Ethics Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesits employees, and maximum financial stability with focus on the highest morals (First Energy Corp, 2010). The key pulled from the previous statement attempts to substantiate the ethical system with maximum stability portraying the highest morals. Utili tarianism explains that correct actions are actions that provide the highest balance of happiness over sadness. Every person’s happiness is of equal importance (Lasley Pickett, 1992). The following paragraphs will provide more information into theRead MoreHappiness666 Words   |  3 PagesWorkplace  Happiness  Lecture Key  Questions †¢ What  is  happiness? †¢ Why  is  happiness  important? †¢ Cognitive  Lens:  How  do  we   understand/misunderstand  what  will  make  us   happy  at  work? †¢ Situational  Lens:  When  are  people  happy  at   work? †¢ Trait  Lens:  Who  is  happy  at  work? What  is  Happiness? 1 30/04/2013 What  is  Happiness? †¢ Happiness: – an  emotional  state. – how  you  feel  about  yourself  and  the  world. †¢ Satisfaction  with  Life: – more  global  judgment  about  your  acceptance  with   your  life  conditionsRead More`` Slumdog Millionaire And The Great Gatsby By Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior1544 Words   |  7 Pageshis terms of happiness. A key scene which helped me come to this realization that money cannot buy happiness is the scene of Jamal won the game show. Boyle symbolized the concept of money through a medium shot film techniques to capture Jamal passive expression when he won. This scene signified that money couldn t buy happiness as Jamal believes his terms of happiness is not wealth but finding Latika is his happiness. People today, including myself, measured their success/happiness only by wealthRead MoreThe First Wave Of Psychological Therapy1386 Words   |  6 Pages Linehan, 2004). The third wave is the most current theory which focuses on traditional cognitive-behavioral concepts with the addition of mindfulness techniques and the acceptance of thoughts (Hayes, M asuda, Bissett, Luoma, Guererro, 2004). This third wave of cognitive-behavioral therapies includes such methods as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, Wilson, 1999), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; Linehan, Armstrong, Suarez, Allmon, Heard, 1991), mindfulness-based cognitive

Rainbow’s End †Belonging Free Essays

â€Å"At the heart of any individual journey is the tension between belonging and not belonging. † Psychologist Abraham Maslow constructed a theory of self-identity. He believed that for one to understand themselves that had to achieve a true sense of belonging. We will write a custom essay sample on Rainbow’s End – Belonging or any similar topic only for you Order Now The concept of belonging is explored through Jane Harrisons, ‘Rainbow’s End’, as well as Rachel Perkins television drama ‘Redfern Now’ episode ‘Stand Up’. Both texts represent belonging and not belonging through place, family and community. Each text emphasises on the tension between belonging and not belonging from the aspect of an individual’s journey. A Place is an essential part of belonging. Aboriginals believe that they do not own the land, that they are a part of it. However European settlement didn’t respect the Aboriginal culture and values. Despite constant issues between indigenous and non-indigenous land rights and owner ship the indigenous population still have a strong connect with land and thus, place. In ‘Rainbow’s End’ the Dear family live in a humpy on the river bank, which is prone to flooding. Despite the troubles with their home, Dolly is proud to be from the flats. I’m from the flats, not even one of those townie types of cross-over aboriginals†. This quote communicates how proud Dolly is of her Aboriginal culture and that she feels connected to it by where she lives. In ‘Redfern Now’, the representation about place is completely different. Clifton Grammar is a privileged private school, in North Sydney. The school is a symbol of upper white class society. The school is often showed as a low angle shot, this highlights power and authority because the angles of the camera make the school seem larger. A completely different shot is used to show Joel in this very scene. After the low angle shot of the school, there is a high angle shot of Joel. High angle shots express a lack of power by making Joel look smaller, especially when compared to the intimidating school. This emphasises the substantial difference between the rich white private school and Joel’s aboriginal culture, as well as his life in Redfern. Family can provide the deepest form of belonging. The Dear family do not refer to home as a place, home is the connections that all three women share with each other and ancestral past. Dolly’s connection with her family is highlighted in the end of scene thirteen, act 1. Errol asks Dolly to move to the city with him, where he wants to have a future with her and spoil her. She refuse’s and Errol can’t understand why, she explains â€Å"But†¦ a real home? A real home is where there are people looking out for each other. † Unlike Errol Dolly is extremely close to her family and Errol fails to see that family is Dolly’s definition of belonging. The difference in Joel’s family opinion is massive. Joel’s mother wants him to fit in at Clifton Grammar because it is such as privilege to attend the school and the opportunities the school will provide will set Joel up for life. However Joel’s father wants Joel to stick to his aboriginal morals, therefore not standing up and signing the Australian national anthem during assembly. This is represented by costuming and dialog. Joel’s mother says â€Å"you look very handsome in your uniform – it suits you. † Compared to Joel’s father saying â€Å"You look good, you look deadly. If you were going to court. † Both these quotes are said while Joel is in his uniform, highlighting the difference of opinion. Dealing with the pressure from both parents, this puts Joel in an awkward position. The tension between parents is related to belonging and not belonging because only one parent will accept his decision, therefore the other will not feel as appreciated because Joel has rebelled against their beliefs and values. Nan Dear and Gladys represent a different form of community. Nan Dear represents the Indigenous community, believing that the substantial difference between Indigenous Australians and White Australians should remain. Unlike Gladys who wants both cultures to combined to make a society in which everyone is equal. Each character tries to manipulate Dolly into sharing their beliefs. Nan Dear reminds Dolly of want white people have done to the Aboriginal community â€Å"and hospital is where they take our babies away. † This quote scratches the surface of the issues of the stolen generation, therefore this quote creates an allusion of the historical problem. Unlike Nan Dear Gladys looks towards the future is a positive light. To help Dolly fit into the white community she tries to get her a job at the bank. While talking to the bank manager Gladys wears white gloves through the technique of costuming this expresses her trying to fit into the white community. Similarly, Joel becomes an outcast from the Redfern community because he is attending Clifton Grammar. This concept is captured through costuming. While Joel is walking to school he is joined by to boys that give him a hard time because of what he is wearing compared to their casual public school uniform. Even though Joel does no longer belong to the Redfern community, he doesn’t belong to the school community either. This is because he refuses to stand up and sign the Australian national anthem. This is similar to Gladys, this creates tension between belonging and not belonging because of the divided culture and race of indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Each text demonstrates the importance of belonging and the reality of not belonging. Even though both texts are set in different decades the difference between Indigenous Australians and White Australians are extremely noticeable in both. All characters in ‘Rainbow’s End’ and ‘Redfern Now’ deal with tension between belonging and not belonging through place, family and community. How to cite Rainbow’s End – Belonging, Essay examples